Description:
Ocimum gratissimum, commonly known as Clove Basil or African Basil, is a perennial herb in the Lamiaceae (mint) family. It is native to Africa and tropical Asia but has spread to other tropical regions worldwide. The plant is characterized by its strong clove-like aroma, hence the common name.
Clove Basil has larger leaves than most other basil varieties, with a slightly toothed edge and a rough, hairy texture. The leaves are bright green, oval to lanceolate, and can grow to about 5-13 cm (2-5 inches) long. The plant can grow quite large, reaching up to 1-2 meters (3-6 feet) tall in optimal conditions. It produces small white or pale pink flowers on tall spikes in summer or early fall.
Uses:
Culinary:
Herb: The leaves of Clove Basil are used to flavor a variety of dishes, particularly in African and Southeast Asian cuisine. It has a more intense flavor than sweet basil, with a strong clove-like aroma and taste. It is often used in soups, stews, sauces, and marinades.
Tea: The leaves can be brewed into a tea, which is enjoyed for both its flavor and medicinal properties.
Herb blends: Clove Basil is commonly used in herb mixtures for seasoning meats and fish. In Nigerian cuisine, for example, it is used to season grilled or fried meats.
Medicinal:
Antimicrobial: Clove Basil has been used in traditional medicine for its antimicrobial properties. Studies have shown that the essential oil from Ocimum gratissimum is effective against a wide range of bacteria and fungi, making it useful for treating infections.
Digestive aid: It has been used to relieve stomach discomfort and digestive issues such as diarrhea and bloating.
Anti-inflammatory: The plant contains compounds like eugenol (the same compound found in cloves) that exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, which can be helpful for soothing sore throats, respiratory issues, and other inflammatory conditions.
Cold and flu: It is also used in traditional remedies to treat colds, coughs, and other respiratory ailments due to its expectorant properties.
Antioxidant: Clove Basil is rich in antioxidants, which can help reduce oxidative stress and support overall health.
Aromatic and Essential Oil:
Essential oil: The essential oil of Clove Basil is highly aromatic, containing eugenol (the compound responsible for the clove-like scent), which is used in perfumes, soaps, and other cosmetic products.
Insect repellent: The strong scent of Clove Basil is also used as a natural insect repellent. In some cultures, it is planted around homes to keep mosquitoes and other pests at bay.
Ornamental:
Aesthetic value: With its large, lush leaves and fragrant flowers, Clove Basil can be grown as an attractive ornamental plant in herb gardens or as a potted plant in sunny spots.
Growing Conditions:
Soil: Clove Basil prefers well-drained, fertile soil that is rich in organic matter. While it can tolerate a variety of soil types, including sandy and loamy soils, it performs best in soil that retains moisture without becoming waterlogged.
Light: The plant thrives in full sun, needing at least 6-8 hours of sunlight per day to grow vigorously. It can tolerate partial shade, but this may result in less robust growth and fewer flowers.
Watering: Regular watering is essential for Clove Basil, especially in hot climates or during dry periods. The soil should be kept moist but not soggy, as overly wet conditions can lead to root rot. Mulching around the base of the plant can help retain soil moisture and suppress weeds.
Climate: Clove Basil is a tropical plant that thrives in warm, humid conditions. It  is often grown as an annual or brought indoors during winter. It does not tolerate frost and should be protected from cold temperatures.
Maintenance:
Pruning: Regular pruning encourages bushier growth and prevents the plant from becoming leggy. Removing the flower spikes as they appear helps prolong the life of the plant by preventing it from going to seed prematurely.
Propagation: Clove Basil can be easily propagated from seeds or cuttings. Seeds can be sown indoors before the last frost or directly in the garden after the danger of frost has passed. Cuttings can be taken from mature plants and rooted in water or soil.
Pests/Diseases: Like other basil varieties, Clove Basil is relatively pest-resistant but may occasionally be affected by aphids, whiteflies, or fungal diseases like downy mildew in overly humid conditions. Good air circulation and well-drained soil help prevent these issues.